Interview Questions/System Design/Design an Email Delivery System
IntermediateSystem-Design
30 min

Design an Email Delivery System

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Interview Question

Design an email system that supports bulk sending, deliverability, spam compliance, tracking, and feedback loops.

Key Points to Cover
  • SMTP relays, DKIM/SPF/DMARC for deliverability
  • Bulk send queues, retries, and throughput control
  • Bounce handling, feedback loops, unsubscribe mgmt
  • Tracking: opens, clicks, conversions, audits
  • Reputation mgmt: IP warm-up, domain pools
Evaluation Rubric
Strong deliverability setup25% weight
Bulk queue & retry handling25% weight
CAN-SPAM/GDPR compliance25% weight
Robust tracking & reputation25% weight
Hints
  • 💡Warm up IPs gradually to avoid blacklisting.
Common Pitfalls to Avoid
  • ⚠️Neglecting IP warming for new sending IPs, leading to immediate throttling or blocking.
  • ⚠️Failing to implement proper bounce categorization and automated suppression of hard bounces.
  • ⚠️Ignoring or not properly processing ISP feedback loops and complaint notifications.
  • ⚠️Lack of granular control over sending throughput, leading to sudden drops in deliverability.
  • ⚠️Inadequate email authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC) configuration or management.
Potential Follow-up Questions
  • How do you manage dedicated vs shared IPs?
  • How to handle engagement-based throttling?
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